Dear BrickDad,
Hope you're well. The proximate failure cause was untightened bolts. Once tightened, these bolts are not under much strain. A Grade 8 bolt might have withstood longer the battering from a loose pulley.
A hand-held rotary tool might allow you to remove the flush-sheared bolt stub, without removing the electric fan housing. Cut a slot in the bolt stub and use a screw driver to turn-out the stub. Most hand-held rotary tools will fit easily between the water pump pulley flange and the electric fan housing.
As none of the bolts was fully tightened, the bolt stub is "loose". Thus, a shallow slot cut in the bolt stub should allow you to turn the stub with little effort.
The water pump pulley flange is about 3/8" (10 mm) thick, so a slot cut into the stub - that extends slightly into adjoining areas of the pulley flange - will not compromise the flange's strength.
Alternatively, if you have an electric welder, weld a 10/24 screw to the bolt stub, and then turn-out the stub.
I'd not use thread locker on the replacement bolts, unless the holes in the pulley flange have been deformed. If so, the bolts will feel "loose" (wobbly) as you screw them in. I'd bet that the flange steel is harder than that of the bolts, to there's been no damage to the holes.
Even if the bolt holes have been deformed, it might be better to use lock washers - to keep tension on the bolts - rather than to rely on thread locker.
Hope this helps.
Yours faithfully,
Spook
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